Regarding to science and technology development, presently the application of disposable food containers which has generally been made of high and low - density polyethylene are increasing. For studying the effects of the above disposable food containers which may have on the society health, the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity effects of these disposable food containers have been assessed by the Ames test. Mutagenicity assay has been done with Ames method applying SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM strain TA 104. By the effect of mutation this strain has been missed the histidine synthesis potential. If this strain is cultured in minimal agar medium, no growth will be seen, because histidine has not been produced. In this research, polyethylene compositions has been added separately to minimal agar medium SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM strain TA104 and compared to positive control index consisting of mutagen sodium azide and negative control index (distilled water). Carcinogen materials will cause a reverse mutation towards the synthesis of histidine and several bacteria will produce histidine. Their presence considering to colony numbers and comparison with negative control index containing several colonies produced by spontaneous mutation approved materials mutagenicity and compared. The obtained results showed that HOPE, disposable glass and food containers, bottle for carrying the liquids, milk plastic bags do not possess the mutagenicity property. LDPE which is generally transparent and made of monomers and free- radicals will cause reverse mutation in thin plastic bags for histidine synthesis. The plastic bags coated by liquid or solid oil will much more affected by mutagenicity. Mouse liver tissues microsomes obtained under sterile conditions have been added separately to minimal agar medium suspected to carcinogenicity and measured the effect of the carcinogen materials and bacteria status affected by reverse mutation and produced histidine.

Objective SALMONELLA is a Gram-negative, anaerobic, flagellated bacterium of SALMONELLA type in Enterobacteriaceae family, which is known as a zoonosis infectious agent. In recent years, different types of antibiotics have been used to overcome the SALMONELLA infection; however, the increasing number of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, the provision of alternative methods seems be necessary. Specific immunoglobulin Y (IgY) originated from egg yolk causes passive immunity in the fetus, and extracting these antibodies from egg yolk is cheaper and more feasible than other antibodies. Numerous studies have shown that the egg yolk IgY has immunogenic function against a wide range of bacterial and viral infections in mammals. The purpose of this study was to produce specific immunoglobulin Y against SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM and SALMONELLA enteritidis bacteria in laying hens. Materials and Methods In the current study, six pullets were inoculated and boosted with one milliliter of killed SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM and SALMONELLA enteritidis. Injections were done fortnightly until one week before egg production. After breast muscle injection of chickens, the eggs were collected, and the IgY was extracted from yolk by the Polson method with polyethylene glycol 6000. The produced IgY was approved by SDS-PAGE method. The specific indirect ELISA done by specificity test for purified IgY also approved the specific IgY against both SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM and SALMONELLA enteritidis. Results The results of SDS-PAGE demonstrated the presence of two protein bands of 27 and 67 kDa representing light and heavy chains of IgY, respectively. The specific indirect ELISA method proved that the specific IgY against SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM and SALMONELLA enteritidis was produced in the egg yolk. Conclusions It might be possible to administer the egg yolk containing specific IgY against both SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM and SALMONELLA enteritidis, to induce passive immunity for preventing some pathogenic diseases in calves such as diarrhea.

SALMONELLA infections in human and animals is one of the most important diseases around the world. In the genus of SALMONELLA, SALMONELLA enterica subsp enterica serovar TYPHIMURIUM has special situation, because of its broad host range and wide geographical distribution. In present study all attempt was done to develop a potent effective vaccine against SALMONELLAs is 50 the immunogenicity effects of heated (70C, 30 min) and formalized (0.1%) vaccine of s. TYPHIMURIUM were evaluated in rabbits. Two groups of rabbits (groups F&H) were vaccinated with inactivated vaccines several times via s.c and im. In the different period steps between of vaccination times, the immune response was assayed by agglutination (Widal test) test. The results indicated that the inactivated vaccines induced a highly level of antibodies and also protective.

Plasmids play an important role in the virulence and antibiotic resistance of SALMONELLA. SALMONELLA carry plasmids having different size and number. Plasmid profile analysis of single isolates of SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM and SALMONELLA enteritidis revealed the presence of 4- plasmid profiles. SALMONELLA serovars produce several Type III secretions including Sop-E and Sop–B. Soap E is detected by Dot-ELISA. Dot-ELISA is one of the solid phase immuneassay used to detect either antigens or antibody. Sop-B (SALMONELLA outer protein-B) is detected by multiplex PCR method using PCR primers Sop P1 and SOP-M13. It is concluded that the technique used in this study is more sensitive and identification and determination of various molecular characteristics of two species enhances the knowledge towards the vaccine production.

Plant essential oils are natural products extracted from plants, and because of their antimicrobial properties can be used as natural additives in foods. They are also useful for decontamination of food-born pathogens and can be a safe additive in foods. The antimicrobial activities of essential oils belonging to Saturiea hortensis, Thymus vulgaris, Mentha polegium, Cuminum cyminum, Lavandula officinalis and Mentha viridis L. (spearmint) were investigated at different concentrations (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1, 2, 5 and 10%v/v) against SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM, SALMONELLA paratyphi A and SALMONELLA paratyphi B by using the agar well diffusion method (P<0.05). Essential oils showed inhibitory effect on SALMONELLA spp. in the agar well diffusion assay. In addition, the capability of essential oils for decontamination of minced row beef, ground beef, minced raw chicken and minced raw fish inoculated with SALMONELLA spp. at 0.1 and 0.5%v/v were assessed. Reduction of the SALMONELLA spp. population was observed following the inoculation of the cultures with 0.1 and 0.5%v/v essential oils.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is one of the most important components of Gram negative bacteria cell walls which form a hydrophobic unit (Lipid A) and a hydrophilic unit (polyssaccharide ). Extraction and purification of LPS is an essential step in determination of biochemical, pathophysiological and immunological properties. In the present report the LPS of SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM PTCC 1735 was extracted and purified. The phenol-water solution method was used to extract the bacterial LPS. Proteins and nucleic acids were removed by means of pronase and nucleases and gel filteration. Crude LPS yield was about 1.8% of initial bacterial dry weight. after gel filteration the content of protein and nucleic acids in LPS preparations were calculated to be 0.2% and 0.5% respectively. Profiles of pure LPS by SDS-PAGE were demonstrated.